Selected Publications

Methodology

As you will see, writing on research methods has been a theme through my career to date. My publications address a mix of new methods, critiques and explanations of existing methods, as well as critical testing of various models and concepts.

Smith, W. W. and Smith, S.L.J. 2011. “The Use of Rank-Order Data in Segmentation Analysis - The Case of Bruce County, Ontario, Canada”. Journal of Vacation Marketing. 17(2):105-114.
Smith, S.L.J. and Lee, H. 2010. “A Typology of ‘Theory’ in Tourism”. In A 20-20 Vision of Tourism Research: Roads Traveled, Hills to Climb , pp 28 - 39. London, Goodfellow Publishers.
Smith, S.L.J. 2010. Practical Tourism Research. CABI: Oxford, UK.
Xiao, H. and Smith, S.L.J. 2006. “Case Studies in Tourism Research: A State-of-the-Art Analysis.” Tourism Management , 27:738-749.
Mitchell Westlake. A Guide to Using Market Research and Marketing Measurement for Successful Tourism Destination Marketing , for FedNor. (Co-author with consulting team).
Smith, S.L.J. (Translation by Xiao Lixia). 2005. Broadening the Viewpoints of Tourism Measurement. Beijing: China Statistics Press.
Smith, S.L.J., et al. 2004. “Conversion Methods Used by the CTC and Its Provincial and Major DMO Partners”, for Canadian Tourism Commission.
Smith, S.L.J. and Xie, P. 2003. “Estimating the Distance Equivalence of the Canada-US Border on US-to-Canada Visitor Flows”. Journal of Travel Research , 42:191-194.
Smith, S.L.J. and Xie, P. 2001. “Forecasting World's Fair Attendance”. Urban Tourism: Theory and Practice , pp 230 - 238. Guangzhou, China: Science Press.
Beaman, J.; Beaman, J., O'Leary, J.T.; and Smith, S.L.J. 2000. “The Impact of Seemingly Minor Methodological Changes on Estimates of Travel and Correcting Bias”. Tourism Analysis , 5:91-96.
Smith, S.L.J. and Xie, P. 2001. “Forecasting World's Fair Attendance”. Urban Tourism: Theory and Practice , pp 230 - 238. Guangzhou, China: Science Press.
Xie, P. and Smith, S.L.J. 2000. “Towards Improvements in World's Fair Attendance Forecasts”. Event Management , 6:15-24.
Smith, S.L.J. 2000. Uses of Canadian Travel Survey for Academic Research. “Rethinking the Line: The Canada-US Border” , Vancouver, BC.
Beaman, J.; Beaman, J.; O'Leary, J.; and Smith, S.L.J. 1999 “Implications of Methodological Differences Among the 1994, 1996, and 1997 Canadian Travel Surveys”, report to the Canadian Tourism Commission, Research Program, 22 pp.
Smith, S.L.J. 1989, 1995 (2nd edn). Tourism Analysis. London: Longman Publishing Ltd. Also translated into Chinese and Spanish.
Tyssen, T.G. and Smith, S.L.J. 1995. “Forecasting Museum Attendance”. In Proceedings of the Third Educational Colloquium. Toronto: Ontario Museums Association.
Smith, S.L.J. 1990. “Another Look at the Carpenter's Tools: Reply to Plog”. Journal of Travel Research , 29(2):50-51.
Smith, S.L.J. 1990. “A Test of Plog's Allocentric/Psychocentric Model: Evidence From Seven Nations”. Journal of Travel Research , 28(4)40-42.
Smith, S.L.J. 1989. “The Spatial Analysis of Recreation and Leisure”. Pages 303-330 in Understanding Leisure and Recreation: Mapping the Past, Charting the Future , E. Jackson and T. Burton, eds. State College, Pennsylvania: Venture Publishing.
Smith, S.L.J. 1984. “A Method for Estimating the Distance Equivalences of International Boundaries.” Journal of Travel Research , 22(3):37-39.
Smith, S.L.J. and Smale, B.J.A. 1980. “Forecasting Changes in the Consumption of the Performing Arts: Development of 'Cultural Elasticities'”, prepared under contract for the Department of Communication, 42 pp.
Smith, S.L.J. and Haley, A.J. 1979. “Ratio ex machina: Notes on Leisure Research.” Journal of Leisure Research , 11(2):139-143.
Smith, S.L.J.; Stewart, T.O.; and Brown, B.A. 1980. “Open-ended Participation Questions in Sport and Physical Recreation Surveys.” The Research Quarterly , 51(4):732-737.
Avedon, E.M. and Smith, S.L.J. 1980. “Data banks for recreation supply and participation.” In The 1980 Outdoor Recreation Trends Symposium , Vol. 1, General Technical Report, NE-47, Broomall, Pennsylvania: US Forest Service.
Smith, S.L.J. and Lazarowich, M.J. 1979. “Test of the Validity of the Beaman, Kim, and Smith Supply Factors.” Leisure Sciences , 3(1):121-127.
Ellis, J.; Ng, D.; Wilkinson, P.; Knott, W.; Avedon, E.; Beaman, J.; Smith, S.; Heit, M.; Hallman, D.; Goodchild, M.; Zuzanek, J.; and Wall, G. (eds.). 1977. Analysis Methods and Techniques for Recreation Research and Leisure Studies , Toronto: Ontario Research Council on Leisure for Environment Canada.
Ng, D. and Smith, S.L.J. 1977. “Analysis of Variance.” In Analysis Methods and Techniques for Recreation Research and Leisure Studies , Toronto: Ontario Research Council on Leisure.
Smith, S.L.J. and Ng, D. 1977. “Regression Analysis.” In Analysis Methods and Techniques for Recreation Research and Leisure Studies , Toronto: Ontario Research Council on Leisure.
Smith, S.L.J. 1977. “Trends in Canadian Leisure Research”, NE-100 Technical Committee, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
Nuxall, R.; Galloway, F.; and Smith, S.L.J. 1976. Introduction to Survey Research for Community Recreation Services , Technical Report 291, Michigan State University, Agricultural Experiment Station.
Avedon, E.M.; Nash, J.; Farrell, R.; Doyle, B.; Belfry, L.; Roberts, B.; Ewing, G.; and Smith, S. (eds.). 1976. Canadian Outdoor Recreation Demand Study Technical Notes , Ottawa: Parks Canada.
Beaman, J.; Cheung, H.K.; and Smith, S.L.J. 1974. “A Work Plan for the Development of a Mathematical Model to Predict and Explain Overnight Use of Parks.” In Canadian Outdoor Recreation Demand Study Technical Notes , Ottawa: Parks Canada, 12 pp.
Beaman, J.; Kim, Y.; and Smith, S.L.J. 1974. “Measurement of Supply Using National Interview Data on Participation in Outdoor Recreation Activities.” In Canadian Outdoor Recreation Demand Study Technical Notes , Ottawa: Parks Canada, 29 pp.
Jurrand, P.; Guzelimian, V.; Beaman, J.; and Smith, S.L.J. 1974. “Parks Planning Framework in Perception of the Quality of Wild Rivers.” In Canadian Outdoor Recreation Demand Study Technical Notes , Ottawa: Parks Canada, 4 pp.
Beaman, J. and Smith, S.L.J. 1974. “A Scheme for Decomposing Park Attendance 'Loading Curves' and Related Analysis Methodologies.” In Canadian Outdoor Recreation Demand Study Technical Notes , Ottawa: Parks Canada, 16 pp
Beaman, J. and Smith, S.L.J. 1974. “The Definition and Evaluation of a Class of Alternative-Site Functions.” In Canadian Outdoor Recreation Demand Study Technical Notes , Ottawa: Parks Canada, 15 pp.
Xiao, H. and Smith, S.L.J. 2006. “Case Studies in Tourism Research: A State-of-the-Art Analysis.” In Tourism Management , 27:738-749.

Epistemology

I use “epistemology” loosely here; this collection of writings address a variety of philosophy of science, knowledge management, and reflections on the nature of tourism research.

Xiao, H. and Smith, S.L.J. 2010. “Professional Communication in an Applied Research Community”. Tourism Management. 31:402-411.
Xiao, H. and Smith, S.L.J. 2008. “Knowledge Impact: An Appraisal of Tourism Scholarship”. Annals of Tourism Research. 35:62-83.
Xiao, H. and Smith, S.L.J. 2006. “Tourism Research Communication: A Dissemination and Knowledge Use Perspective”. Proceedings of the TTRA-Canada Conference (CD-ROM).
Xiao, H. and Smith, S.L.J. 2006. “The Maturation of Tourism Research: Evidence from a Content Analysis”. Tourism Analysis , 10:335-348.
Xiao, H. and Smith, S.L.J. 2006. “Case Studies in Tourism Research: A State-of-the-Art Analysis”. Tourism Management , 27:738-749.
Xiao, H. and Smith, S.L.J. 2006. “The Making of Tourism Research”. Annals of Tourism Research , 33:490-507.
Xiao, H. and Smith, S.L.J. 2006. “Towards a paradigm shift of knowledge: Implications for tourism research in China”. China Tourism Research , 4: 402-442.
Xiao, H. and Smith, S.L.J. 2005. “Source Knowledge for Tourism Research” Annals of Tourism Research , 32:272-275.
Smith, S.L.J. 2003. “Lake Tourism Research: Themes Practices, and Prospects”, Keynote. International Lake Tourism , Savonlinna, Finland, pp 13-26.
Smith, S.L.J. and Reid, L.J.N. 1994. “Souvenirs of Tourism Scholarship”. Annals of Tourism Research , 21:855-857.
Smith, S.L.J. and Stevens, B. 1994. “What Hath Tourism Wrought?”, report for the International Travel and Tourism Research Association.
Smith, S.L.J. and Godbey, G. 1990. “The Contributions of Recreation and Leisure Studies to Tourism: A North American Perspective”. Annals of Tourism Research , 18(1):85-100.
Smith, S.L.J. 1986. Keynote speaker. “The Faces of Leisure Research”, Annual Research Symposium , Department of Outdoor Recreation, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario.
Smith, S.L.J. 1983. Recreation Geography. London: Longman Publishing Ltd. Also translated into Spanish and Chinese.
Smith, S.L.J. 1982. “Reflections on the Development of Geographic Research in Recreation: Hey Buddy, Can You S'paradigm?” Ontario Geographer , 19:5-28.
Ng, D. and Smith, S.L.J. (eds.). 1982. Perspectives on the Nature of Leisure Research , Waterloo: University of Waterloo Press , for the Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation, 261 pp.
Smith, S.L.J. 1982. “The State of the Arts of Tourism Research: A Theoretical Perspective.” In Michigan Tourism: How Can Research Help? , pp 55-60 East Lansing, Michigan: Agricultural Experiment Station Special Report #6, Michigan State University.
Smith, S.L.J. 1982. “Contributions to Leisure Research: Multidisciplinary Perspectives”, a report to the Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation, 25 pp.
Smith, S.L.J. 1981. “Publishing in Refereed Journals.” In Innovation and Creativity in Travel Research and Marketing , pp 391-400, Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the Travel and Tourism Research Association, Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press.
Smith, S.L.J. 1981. “The State of the Arts of Tourism Research: A Theoretical Perspective”, Michigan Tourism: How Can Research Help? , East Lansing, Michigan.
Smith, S.L.J. 1981. “Contributions to Leisure Research: Multi-disciplinary Perspectives”, Annual General Meeting, Ontario Research Council on Leisure, Toronto, Ontario.
Smith, S.L.J. 1977. “Image and Intuition in Leisure Studies.” Recreation Research Review , 6(1):15-22.
Smith, S.L.J. 1975. “Towards Meta-recreation Research.” Journal of Leisure Research , 7(3):235-239.
Smith, S.L.J. 1971. An Exegesis of Outdoor Recreation Research , Special Research Report, Department of Recreation and Parks, Texas A&M University.
Xiao, H. and Smith, S.L.J. 2006. “The Making of Tourism Research”, Annals of Tourism Research 33:490-507.
Xiao, H. and Smith, S.L.J. 2006. “The Maturation of Tourism Research: Evidence from a Content Analysis”, Tourism Analysis 10:335-348.
Xiao, H. and Smith, S.L.J. 2006. “Source Knowledge for Tourism Research”, Annals of Tourism Research 32:272-275.

Research Agenda

Another area of long-standing interest has been the identification of issues and topic requiring further research, especially from an industry perspective.

Smith, S.L.J. 1998. "Toward a National Research Agenda for the Canadian Tourism Industry". Tourism Management, 20:297-304.
Smith, S.L.J. 1997. "Canada's NTI is an Information Gold Mine", Exclusive, September/October, pp 3-4. Ottawa: Canadian Tourism Research Institute
Smith, S.L.J. 1997. Research and Data Sources for the Canadian Tourism Industry. Ottawa: Canadian Tourism Commission.
Smith, S.L.J. 1997. Research Issues Facing the Canadian Tourism Industry. Ottawa: Canadian Tourism Commission.
Smith, S. L. J. 1996. "Towards a National Tourism Research Agenda". Society of Travel and Tourism Educators, Ottawa, Ontario.
Smith, S.L.J. 1993. "The Development of the TTRA Research Agenda", 24th International Travel and Tourism Research Association Conference, Whistler, BC.
Reid, L.J. and Smith, S.L.J. 1993. "Partnership and Action Agenda: Regional Marketing Partnerships and Adventure Travel". In Regional Marketing Partnerships and Adventure Tourism, pp 103-106. Proceedings of the TTRA-Canada and New England Chapters, Ottawa: TTRA-Canada.
Smith, S.L.J. 1991. "Assessment of US Market Monitors", 2 volume report to Industry, Science, and Technology Canada - Tourism.
Smith, S.L.J. 1991. "A Review of the 1986 - 1991 Canada/US Multi-National Tourism Research Projects", report to Industry, Science, and Technology Canada - Tourism, 55 pp.
Smith, S.L.J. 1991. "An Agenda for Supply-Side Research in the Tourism Industry", report to Industry, Science, and Technology Canada - Tourism.
Ng, D. and Smith, S.L.J. 1982. "Leisure Research Tasks Recommended for Priority Attention”, a report to the Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation.
Ng, D. and Smith, S.L.J. 1982. "Recreation, Culture, and Leisure Research: Policy Recommendations”, report to the Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation.
Smith, S.L.J. 1982. "Leisure Research: Future Directions and Needs”, a report to the Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Recreation.
Smith, S.L.J. 1981. "Leisure Research: Future Directions and Needs”, keynote address, Third Canadian Congress on Leisure Research, Edmonton, Alberta.
Heyens, L. and Smith, S.L.J. 1980. "Information Needs for Tourism Planning, Management, and Investment in Canada North of 60”, University of Waterloo, President's Committee on Northern Studies Working Paper 4.

Tourism Definitions, TSAs

The definition and measurement of tourism, especially as an economic phenomenon, has become a major interest since the late-1980s. This work includes publications related to Tourism Satellite Accounts, and covers work in Canada, China, Russia, and Taiwan, as well as more general cross-national topics.

Smith, S.L.J. 2011. “Tourism Statistics”. In International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science, Miodrag Lovric, (ed). Pp 1612 - 1613. New York: Springer-Verlag Publishing.
Smith, S.L.J. 2012. “Tourism Satellite Accounts: An Overview”. Chapter 19. European Tourism Planning and Organization Systems. Bristol, UK: Channelview Publishers.
Smith, S.L.J. 2007. “Measuring Tourism”. Pp 1 – 18. Approaching Tourism. Occasional Paper Number 21, G. Wall, ed. Waterloo, Ontario: Department of Geography, University of Waterloo.
Smith, S.L.J. 2007. “Duelling Definitions: Challenges and Implications of Conflicting International Concepts of Tourism”. Pp 123 – 138. Development in Tourism Research. J. Tribe and D. Airey, eds. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Smith, S.L.J. 2004. “The Measurement of Global Tourism: Old Debates, New Consensus, and Continuing Challenges”. Pp 25 - 35 in A Companion to Tourism. A. A. Lew, C. M. Hall, and A. M. Williams, eds. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Smith, S.L.J. 2004. “Conceptual Issues in the Measurement of Tourism as a Form of Internationally Traded Service”. Pp 203 - 222 in Enzo Paci Papers on Measuring the Economic Significance of Tourism, Vol. 4. A. Massieu, ed. Madrid: World Tourism Organization.
Smith, S.L.J. and A. Massieu. 2004. “Tourism Statistics”. Pp 863 - 868. Encyclopedia of Social Measurement. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Tao, T; Eagles, P.F.J.; and Smith, S.L.J. 2004. "Implications of Alternative Definitions of Ecotourists". Tourism Analysis, 9:1-13.
Smith, S.L.J. and Zhao, L. 2004. “Tourism Satellite Accounts: What They Are, What They Mean”. Tourism Tribune. 19(2):16-21.
Smith, S.L.J. (Trans. By Zhao, L.) 2003. “The Tourism Industry and Tourism Satellite Accounts”. China Statistics. 7:13-14.
Smith, S.L.J.; Tatarinov, A.A.; Trekhlab, P; and Poshnagov, S. 2003. (In Russian) Tourism as a Factor of Regional Economic Development in Russia: An Experience of Measuring the Role of Tourism in Regional Economy. Sochi, Russia: The Sochi State University Press.
Smith, S.L.J. and Tatarinov, A. 2002. “Tourism as a Factor in Regional Development”, Institute for the Economy in Transition, Moscow, 135 pp.
Smith, S. L. J. 2000. "New Developments in Measuring Tourism as an Area of Economic Activity". Pp 225 - 234 in Trends in Outdoor Recreation and Tourism. W. Gartner and D. Lime, eds. London: CAB International.
Smith, S. L. J. 1998. "Tourism as an Industry: Debates and Concepts". Pp 31-52 in The Economic Geography of the Tourist Industry. D. Ioannides and K. Debbage, eds. London: Routledge.
Smith, S.L.J. and Tatarniov, A. 2001. “Measuring the Regional Tourism Product in an Economy in Transition”, WTO Conference on Tourism Satellite Accounts: Credible Numbers for Good Business Credible Decisions”, Vancouver, British Columbia.
Smith, S.L.J. 2000. “How Far is Far Enough?: Operationalizing the Concept of ‘Usual Environment’ in Tourism Definitions”. Tourism Analysis, 4:137-144.
Smith, S.L.J. and Wilton, D. 1997. "TSAs and the WTTC/WEFA Methodology: Different Satellites or Different Planets?". Tourism Economics, 3:249-263.
Smith, S.L.J. 1996. "The Tourism Satellite Account: Perspectives of Canadian Tourism Associations and Organizations". Tourism Economics, 1:225-244.
Smith, S.L.J. 1995. "Implications and Applications of the Tourism Satellite Account for Canadian Tourism Associations and Organizations", report to Industry Canada, 22 pp.
Smith, S.L.J. 1994. "The Tourism Product". Annals of Tourism Research, 21(3):582-595.
Smith, S.L.J. 1993. "Return to the Supply-Side: Rejoinder to Leiper". Annals of Tourism Research, 20:226-229.
Smith, S.L.J. 1991. "The Supply-Side Definition of Tourism: Reply to Leiper". Annals of Tourism Research, 18(2):312-314.
Smith, S.L.J. 1988. "Defining Tourism: A View from the Supply Side". Annals of Tourism Research, 15(2):179-190.
Smith, S.L.J. 2006. "How Big? Now Many? Enterprise Size Distributions in Tourism and Other Industries". Journal of Travel Research, 45:53-58.

Tourism Patterns: Demand-Side

“Demand-side patterns” refers to studies of various aspects of visitor behaviour.

Smith, S.L.J. 2007. “Leisure Travel”. Pp 93 – 102. Leisure for Canadians. R. McCarville and K. Mackay, eds. State College, PA: Venture Publishing.
Zou, P. and Smith, S.L.J. 2005. “Mainland Chinese Consumer Perceptions of and Interest in Canadian Tourism products: Destination Image versus Destination Brand”. TTRA-Canada Conference. Kelowna, BC.
Tao, T; Eagles, P.F.J.; and Smith, S.L.J. 2004. "Profiling Taiwanese Ecotourists Using a Self-definition Approach". Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 12:149-168.
Smith, S.L.J. 2000. “The Bottom Line: Tourism Volumes and Values across the Canada-US Border”. “Rethinking the Line: The Canada-US Border”, Vancouver, BC.
Raymond, R.; Smith, W. W.; and Smith, S. L. J. 1999 Exploring Domestic Seasonal Variations in Canadian Tourism, report to Statistics Canada.
Smith, S.L.J. 1994. Industry Canada-Tourism. "The Potential of Hong Kong's 'Personal Business' Travel Market for Canadian Tourism Businesses".
Smith, S.L.J. 1989. "Tourist Preferences and Ecosystem Diversity". In Travel Research: Globalization - The Pacific Rim and Beyond, pp 357-361, Proceedings of the 20th International Travel and Tourism Research Association Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press.
Smith, S.L.J. 1989. "Demand", in Outdoor Recreation in Canada, G. Wall (ed.), Toronto: John Wiley and Sons, Chapter 3.
Neznik, M. and Smith, S.L.J. 1989. "A Statistical Analysis of the Origins of Visitors", report to SportsWorld, Kitchener, Ontario, 9 pp.
Smith, S.L.J. 1988. "Current Market Research on Tourism and the Canadian and US National Parks: The French and Japanese Markets", Travel and Tourism Research Association, Montreal, Quebec.
Smith, S.L.J. 1988. "Potential Visitors from France and Japan to Canadian and US National Parks", Tourism Research: Expanding Boundaries, pp 151-156, Proceedings of the 19th International Travel and Tourism Research Association, Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press.
Smith, S.L.J. 1987. "Regional Variations in Canadian Travel Philosophies and Motivations", Papers and Proceedings of the Applied Geography Conference. Vol. 10, pp 330-338. Binghamton, New York: SUNY-Binghamton.
June, L.P. and Smith, S.L.J. 1987. "Service Attributes and Situational Effects on Customer Preferences for Restaurant Dining". Journal of Travel Research, 26(2):20-27.
Smith, S.L.J. 1987. "Market Research and the Canadian Tourism Attitude and Motivation Study”, report to Tourism Canada.
Dudycha, D.J.; Smith, S.L.J.; Stewart, T.O.; and McPherson, B.D. 1984. A National Atlas of Physical Recreation. Waterloo, Ontario: Department of Geography, University of Waterloo.
Smith, S.L.J. and Smale, B.J.A. 1982. "The Changing Demand for Culture: Estimation of 'Cultural Elasticities'". Visions in Leisure and Business, 1(3):27-47.
Smith, S.L.J. and Brown, B.A. 1981. "Directional Bias in Vacation Travel." Annals of Tourism Research, 8(2):257-270.
Smith, S.L.J. and Smale, B.J.A. 1980. "Classification of Visitors to National Parks and Related Sites." Contact, 12(1):35-54.
Smith, S.L.J. 1980. "Intervening Opportunities and Travel to Urban Recreation Centers." Journal of Leisure Research, 12(4):296-308.
Smith, S.L.J. 1980. "The Relationship between Active and Passive Involvement in the Arts - Is the Artist Also a Spectator?" In Social and Cultural Policy, Monographs in Leisure and Cultural Development, Waterloo, Ontario: Otium Publications.
Smith, S.L.J. 1979. "Classification of Visitors to Agreements for Recreation and Conservation Sites, National Parks, and Related Sites”, prepared under contract for the Socio-Economic Research Division, Parks Canada.
Smith, S.L.J. and Heit, M.J. 1972. "Why and Where People Want to Move”, Teaching Notes on Population, Vol. 1, Cornell International Population Program, Cornell University.
Smith, S.L.J. (ed.). 1974. Weekly Energy Crisis Monitor of the Northern Michigan Tourist Industry, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University.

Tourism Patterns: Supply-Side

“Supply-side patterns” refers to studies of various aspects of tourism businesses, services, or organizations.

Smith, S.L.J. 2006. “How Big? Now Many? Enterprise Size Distributions in Tourism and Other Industries”. Journal of Travel Research, 45:53-58.
Smith, S.L.J. and Xiao, H. 2007. “Culinary Tourism Supply Chains: An Exploratory Analysis”. Journal of Travel Research. 46:289-299
Huang, X. and Smith, S.L.J. 2005 “Nature-based Tourism Resource Privatization in China: A Conceptual Analysis of Opportunities and Risks”. TTRA-Canada Conference. Kelowna, BC.
Xiao, H. and Smith, S.L.J. 2004. “Residents' Perceptions of Kitchener-Waterloo Oktoberfest: An Inductive Analysis”. Event Management, 8:161-175.
Smith, S.L.J. 2004. “The Geographic Structure of Canadian Tourism”. Pp 153 - 173 in Tourism Development: Issues for a Vulnerable Industry. J. Aramberri and R. Butler, eds. London: Channel View.
Smith, S. and Xie, P. 2001. “What Makes Canadian Travel Regions Attractive? An Exploration of the Factors Associated with Same-Day and Overnight Person-Visits to Canadian Travel Regions in 1998". Proceedings of the 2001 Travel and Tourism Research Association, pp. 215-233.
Smith, S.L.J. 1996. "The 1996 Seagram Museum Community Survey", report to the Board of Directors, The Seagram Museum. 12 pp.
Smith, S.L.J. 1994. Department of Canadian Heritage. "A Typology for Ontario Heritage Tourism".
Smith, S.L.J. 1990. "Long-Haul Pleasure Travel Trends and Their Relevance to Canadian National Parks", Towards Serving Visitors and Managing Our Resources, pp 365-374, Waterloo, Ontario: Tourism Research and Education Centre.
Smith, S.L.J.; Getz, D.; and Butler, R.W. 1990. "Trends in the Tourism Environment of Niagara Falls, Ontario and New York", Proceedings of the Outdoor Recreation Trends Symposium III, pp 1129-1137. Bloomington, Indiana, Indiana University.
Smith, S.L.J. 1989. "Tourists' Preferences and Ecosystem Diversity: Product-Market Matching in the Canadian National Park System", report to the Canadian Parks Service.
Smith, S.L.J. 1988. "Canada's National Parks and Historic Sites as International Tourism Products: The French and Japanese Markets", report to the Canadian Parks Service.
Smith, S.L.J. 1988. "Other Tourism Services: Examples of the Lesser-documented Industries, in Tourism in Canada: A Statistical Digest, Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Chapter 6.
Smith, S.L.J. and Thomas, D.C. 1983. "Assessment of Regional Potentials for Rural Recreation Businesses." Pages 66-83 in Recreation Planning and Management Issues, S. Lieber and D. Fesenmaier (eds.), State College, Pennsylvania: Venture Publishing.
Smith, S.L.J. 1987. "The Regional Analysis of Tourism Resources". Annals of Tourism Research, 14(2):254-273.
Smith, S.L.J. 1985. "US Vacation Travel Patterns". Leisure Sciences, 7(2):151-174.
Smith, S.L.J. and June, L. 1985. "Locational Patterns of Urban Restaurants". Annals of Tourism Research, 12(4):531-602.
Smith, S.L.J. 1985. "Capacity and Thresholds in the Urban Restaurant Industry: Evidence of an Allometric Relationship". Journal of Travel Research, 24(4):29-33.
Smith, S.L.J. 1984. "Identification of Functional Tourism Regions in North America." Journal of Travel Research, 22(4):13-21
Smith, S.L.J. 1983. "Restaurants and Dining out: The Geography of a Tourism Business." Annals of Tourism Research, 10:515-549.
Smith, S.L.J. and Stewart, T.O. 1980. "Estimation of the Effects of Regional Variation of Supply on Participation in Cultural Activities." Ontario Geographer, 15:3-16.
Beaman, J.; Kim, Y.; and Smith, S.L.J. 1979. "The Effects of Supply on Participation." Leisure Sciences, 2(2):71-88.
Smith, S.L.J. 1977. "Room for Rooms: A Procedure for the Estimation of Potential Expansion of Tourist Accommodations." Journal of Travel Research, 25(4):26-29.
Smith, S.L.J. 1975. "An Evaluation of Potential Expansion of the Overnight Accommodations Industry in Rural Michigan Counties: A Resource Perspective." Report for the Upper Great Lakes Regional Commission, U.S. Department of Commerce.

Economic Impact and Market Performance

“Supply-side patterns” refers to statistical analyses of various aspects to tourism behaviour.

Reid, L.J.; Smith, S.L.J.; and McCormick, R. 2008. The Effectiveness of Regional Marketing Alliances: A Case Study of the Atlantic Canada Tourism Partnership 2000 – 2006. Tourism Management, 29:581-593.
Cunningham, R. and Smith, S.L.J. 2007. “Evaluation of the First Year of the 2006 - 2009 ACTP Agreement”, for Atlantic Canada Tourism Partnership. 26 pages.
Tourism Synergy. 2005. Evaluation of the Second Year of the 2003 - 2006 ACTP Agreement”, for Atlantic Canada Tourism Partnership. (Co-author with consulting team).
Tourism Synergy. 2004. Evaluation of the First Year of the 2003 - 2006 ACTP Agreement”, for Atlantic Canada Tourism Partnership. (Co-author with consulting team).
ECDC. 2003. “Final Evaluation of the 2000 - 2003 ACTP Agreement”, for Atlantic Canada Tourism Partnership. (Co-author with consulting team).
Smith, S.L.J. 2002. “What Does Tourism Give Back to the City of Niagara Falls?”, for Niagara Falls Visitor and Convention Bureau.
Smith, S.L.J. 2002. “Economic Impact of The Niagara Parks Commission: 2001 Update”, for The Niagara Parks Commission.
ECDC. 2002. “Year 2 Evaluation of the 2000 - 2003 ACTP Agreement”, for Atlantic Canada Tourism Partnership. (Co-author with consulting team)
ECDC. 2001. “Year 1 Evaluation of the 2000 - 2003 ACTP Agreement”, for Atlantic Canada Tourism Partnership. (Co-author with consulting team)
Exceleration Corp. 2001. “A Market Strategy and Economic Impact of the Nova Scotia Tourism Industry”, for Nova Scotia Campground Association and the Nova Scotia Department of Tourism and Culture.
Smith, S.L.J. 2001. “Measuring the Economic Magnitude of Tourism: Recent Canadian Methodological Innovations”. Pp 31 - 48 in Contemporary Perspectives on Tourism. G. Wall, ed. Waterloo: Department of Geography, University of Waterloo (Occasional Paper 17).
Smith, S.L.J. 2001. “Visitor Profile and Economic Impact of the Kincardine Scottish Festival”, for the Kincardine Scottish Festival.
Smith, S.L.J. 2000. A series of eight economic impact studies for summer festivals in Grey and Bruce Counties, Ontario, for the Bruce Economic Development Corporation..
Reid, L. J. N. and Smith, S. L. J. 1998. The Economic Impact of the Niagara Parks Commission, report to The Niagara Parks Commission.
Smith, S.L.J. and the Students of Rec 380. 1997. "Economic Impact of the 1997 Ontario Ringette Championship", report to the City of Waterloo, Economic Development Office.
Reid, L.J. and Smith, S.L.J. 1995. "The Economic Significance of Tourism in St. Catharines", report to the St. Catharines Chamber of Commerce.
Reid, L.J. and Smith, S.L.J. 1995. "The Economic Significance of Tourism in St. Catharines: 1994 Update", report to the St. Catharines Chamber of Commerce.
Smith, S.L.J. 1993. "Tourism Economic Impact Estimates for Visitor's Readership Area" for Visitor Magazine.
Smith, S.L.J. 1979. "Selected Economic Impacts of Wintario." Recreation Research Review, 7(2):7-10.
Smith, S.L.J. 1978. "Economic Impact of a Proposed Second Home Development”, for the Kleinfeldt Group, Kitchener, Ontario.

Industry and Policy Perspectives

These papers examine a variety of issues associated with tourism as an economic sector or as a policy field.

Nunkoo R.; Smith, S; Ramkissoon, H. 2013. Residents' Attitudes to Tourism: A Longitudinal Analysis of 140 Papers from 1984-2010. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 21:5-25.
Nunkoo, R. and Smith, S.L.J. 2013. Political Economy of Tourism: Trust in Government Actors Political Support, and Their Determinants. Tourism Management. 36:120-132.
Smith, S.L.J. 2012. “Impediments to International Tourism”, Chapter 5, Handbook of Tourism Research. New York: Routledge.
Smith, S.L.J. 2011. “Tourism Statistics”. In International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science, Miodrag Lovric, (ed). Pp 1612 - 1613. New York: Springer-Verlag Publishing.
Guttentag, D; Harrigan, K.; and Smith, S. 2011. Gambling by Ontario casino employees: Gambling behaviours, problem gambling, and impacts of the employment. International Gambling Studies, DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2011.605069.
Reid, L.J.; Smith, S.L.J.; and McCormick, R. 2008. The Effectiveness of Regional Marketing Alliances: A Case Study of the Atlantic Canada Tourism Partnership 2000 – 2006. Tourism Management. 29:581-593.
Yang, L.; Wall, G.; and Smith, S.L.J. 2008. “Ethnic Tourism Development: Chinese Government Perspectives”. Annals of Tourism Research, 35:751-771.
Smith, S.L.J. 2006. “How Big? Now Many? Enterprise Size Distributions in Tourism and Other Industries”. Journal of Travel Research. 45:53-58.
Smith, S.L.J. 2006. How Much for Tourism: Federal Tourism Expenditures for Fiscal Year 2005 – 2006 and Concepts and Roles of Tourism in Federal Departments and Agencies. Industry Canada.
Cai, W. and Smith, S.L.J. 2003 “The Costs and Benefits of Tourism Services Liberalization”, for the Group on Services, Committee on Trade and Investment, Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation.
Smith, S.L.J. and Cai, W. 2004. “Impediments to the Growth of International Tourism, Stage 2”, for Asia-Pacific Economic Co-Operation Tourism Working Group.
McFadden, P.; Swain, R.; and Smith, S.L.J. 2003. “Tourism Sector Employment Report”, for Southern Ontario Tourism Organization and Human Resources Development Canada.
Smith, S.L.J. 2002. “Towards a Vision for the Canadian Tourism Industry”. Tourism Management, 24(2): 123 - 133.
Smith, S.L.J. 1999. "Lessons Learned from the Analysis of the 1997 CTS and ITS for the Merger of Southwestern Ontario and Festival Country". Pp. 75-84, in Tourism Statistical Digest: 1999 Edition. D. Shaienks, ed. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
Reid, L.J. and Smith, S.L.J. 1998. "Connecting the Research and Business Communities to Ensure Profitability". Proceedings of the 1998 Canadian Travel and Tourism Research Association, pp 174-178.
Smith, S.L.J. 1998. "Results of the 'Festival Country' Focus Group Sessions: Strategic Directions for Niagara and Midwestern Ontario Travel Association", report to Niagara and Midwestern Ontario Travel Association. 11 pp.
Smith, S.L.J. 1997. "Tourism Challenges in Industrialized Nations". Pp 147-163 in Tourism, Sustainability, and Growth. S. Wahab and J. Pigram, eds. London: Routledge.
Smith, S.L.J. 1996. "The Creation of the Canadian Tourism Commission: Rationale and Results", Alpine Tourism: Sustainability Redefined and Reconsidered. Innsbruck, Austria.
Smith, S.L.J. 1996. "The Canadian Tourism Commission's Research Strategy: Implications for the Tourism Research Community". Travel and Tourism Research Association - Canada Chapter, Annual Conference.
Smith, S.L.J. 1996. "Sustainable Community Tourism Development". In Proceedings of the 1995 Canadian Travel and Tourism Research Association, pp 172-176.
Smith, S.L.J. and Taylor, G. 1995. "Improving Research Communication in the Canadian Tourism Industry". In Proceedings of the 1994 Canadian Travel and Tourism Research Association, pp 165-169. Ottawa: TTRA-Canada.
Smith, S.L.J. 1991. "Tourism Policy Research: Believe It or Not - An Academic Perspective". In Tourism: Building Credibility for a Credible Industry, pp 143-144, Proceedings of the 22nd International Travel and Tourism Research Association Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press.
Balmer, K. and Smith, S.L.J. 1977. "Public Tourism Policy”, Toronto, Ontario Ministry of Industry and Tourism.

Marketing-Related Research

Marketing research represents probably the single largest category of tourism research. While my main interests are not specifically tourism marketing, I have conducted a number of studies in this area; I frequently collaborate with tourism marketers as well.

Ignatov, E. and Smith, S.L.J. 2006. “Segmenting Canadian Culinary Tourists”. Current Issues in Tourism, 9:235-255.
Buzinde, C.; Santos, C.A.; and Smith, S.L.J. 2006. “Destination Promotion and Ethnicity: Canadian Pictorial Representations”. Annals of Tourism Research, 33:707-728.
Smith, S.L.J. 2002. “Community Perceptions of KW Oktoberfest: Results of a Series of Focus Groups”, for KW Oktoberfest, Inc.
Smith, S.L.J.; Steele, K.; and Scantlebury, M. 2002. “A Brand Images and Strategic Market Plan for the Walkerton Tourism Recovery Partnership”.
Smith, S.L.J. 2001. “A New Brand Image for Tourism Sarnia-Lambton”, for Tourism Sarnia-Lambton.
Smith, S.L.J. 2001. “Results of a Focus Group for ‘Saugeen, Inc.’”, for Chamber of Commerce of Walkerton.
Smith, S.L.J. and Scantlebury, M. 2001. “Feasibility of a Bach Music Festival for Kitchener-Waterloo”, for the Centre-in-the-Square Board of Directors.
Smith, S.L.J. 2000. “A New Image for the Tourism Association of Haldimand-Norfolk”, for the Tourism Association of Haldimand-Norfolk.
Smith, S.L.J. 1993. Kitchener-Waterloo Area Visitor and Convention Bureau. "Guest Accommodation Survey".
Smith, S.L.J. and Reid, L.J. 1993. "Market Segmentation Using Large-Scale Data Sets for Local DMOs and Tourism Businesses". In Expanding Responsibilities: A Blueprint for the Travel Industry, pp 381-388. Proceedings of the 24th International Travel and Tourism Research Association Conference, Wheat Ridge, CO: TTRA.
Smith, S.L.J., Frechtling, D., Rach, L., and Stevens, B. 1993. "A Research Agenda for the North American Tourism Industry", report for the International Travel and Tourism Research Association.
Smith, S.L.J. and Getz, D. 1993. Scottish Tourist Board. "International Trends, Issues, and Case Studies in Festivals and Special Event Tourism".
Smith, S. L. J. 1992. "North American Resort Businesses". Pages 38-51 in Tanoshimi-Wo Suru (Resort Life Business), Tokyo: Marumo Planning.
Smith, S.L.J. and Reid, S. 1992. "The Role of the Trade Facilitation Office in Promoting Tourism Exports to Canada", report to the Trade Facilitation Office of Canada.
Smith, S.L.J. 1992. "Community Awareness and Tracking Study: The Seagram Museum", report to The Seagram Museum.
Thorp, S. and Smith, S.L.J. 1991. "Travel, Tourism, and Outdoor Recreation in the Great Lakes Region". Pages 117-130 in The Great Lakes Economy, S. Thorp, ed. Chicago: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
Smith, S.L.J. 1991. "Sustainable Tourism Development: Is Marketing Part of the Solution or Part of the Problem?". In Tourism - Environment - Sustainable Development: An Agenda for Research, pp 63-65, Proceedings of the Travel and Tourism Research Association - Canada Chapter. Ottawa, Ontario: TTRA - Canada.
Smith, S.L.J. and Getz, D. 1991. "Visitor Profile for Joseph Schneider Haus", report to the Waterloo Region Department of Heritage Resources.
Smith, S.L.J. 1990 - 1994. "The Seagram Museum Visitor Survey", 4 quarterly reports to the Seagram Museum.
Smith, S.L.J. 1990. "Segmentation of Ontario Provincial Park Users and Non-Users", report to Parks and Recreational Areas Branch, Ontario's Ministry of Natural Resources.
Smith, S.L.J.; Getz, D. and Butler, R. 1989. "A Strategic Assessment of the Competitive Environments for Tourism Development in Niagara Falls, Ontario and New York", report to the Ministry of Tourism and Recreation.
Smith, S.L.J. 1986. Plenary speaker. Public/Private Provision of Recreation Services - Filling the Gaps, Annual Conference, Ontario Research Council on Leisure, Downsview, Ontario.
Smith, S.L.J. 1982. "Recent Leisure Trends and Their Implications for the Kitchener Parks and Recreation Department" and "The Kitchener Arts Community" for the Kitchener Parks and Recreation Master Plan Review.
Buzinde, C.; Santos, C.A.; and Smith, S.L.J. 2006. "Destination Promotion and Ethnicity: Canadian Pictorial Representations". Annals of Tourism Research, 33:707-728.

Culinary Tourism

The linkage between cuisine and tourism is well established in many parts of the world. However, it is still a relatively new phenomenon in Ontario. This section contains references to a few studies colleagues and I have done on this rapidly growing tourism experience.

Murphy, J. and Smith, S.L.J. 2009. “Chefs and Suppliers: A Supply Chain Perspective on the Use of Local Ingredients”. International Journal of Hospitality Management., 28:212-220.
Smith, S.L.J. and Xiao, H. 2007. “Culinary Tourism Supply Chains: An Exploratory Analysis”. Journal of Travel Research. 46:289-299
Ignatov, E. and Smith, S.L.J. 2006. “Segmenting Canadian Culinary Tourists”. Current Issues in Tourism, 9:235-255.
Canadian Institute for Advanced Culinary Arts. 2005. A Culinary Tourism Strategy for Ontario, for Ministry of Tourism and Recreation Two volumes. (Co-author with consulting team).
Smith, S.L.J. and Ignatov, E. 2005. “Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner”, for First Ontario Culinary Tourism Symposium, Toronto, Ontario.
Smith, S.L.J. 2005. “Business Bites: An Overview of the Economic Magnitude of Culinary Tourism”, for First Ontario Culinary Tourism Symposium, Toronto, Ontario.
Ignatov, E. and Smith, S.L.J. 2004. “Profiling Culinary Tourists: A Segmentation Analysis”, for First International Culinary Tourism Association Conference, Victoria BC.
Smith, S.L.J. 2001. “Uncorking the Potential: Wine tourism in Macau”, for International Academy for the Study of Tourism” and the Macau Tourism Authority, Macau, China.
Ignatov, E. and Smith, S.L.J. 2006. "Segmenting Canadian Culinary Tourists". Current Issues in Tourism, 9:235 - 255.

Other Publications

My interests are quite diverse - so this is a catch-all category for sundry publications that don't fit into any of the other categories.

Robinson, P.; Lück, M.; and Smith, S. 2013. Tourism. CABI, Oxford.
Smith, S.L.J. 2010. The Discovery of Tourism. Emerald Publishers, Bingley, UK.
Smith, S.L.J. 2010. Practical Tourism Research, CABI, Oxford.
Dai, F. and Smith, S.L.J. 2003. (English and Chinese) Cultures in Contrast: Mis-Communication and Misunderstanding between Chinese and North Americans. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Jafari, J. et al. 2000 Member of editorial board for Encyclopedia of Tourism and author of 12 entries. London: Routledge.
Smith, S.L.J. 2000. A Directory of Canadian Tourism Researchers , for the Canadian Tourism Commission, Research Program. 63 pages.
Smith, S.L.J. and Meis, S. 1997. “The Canadian Tourism Commission” In Annals of Tourism Research , 24:481-483.
Smith, S. L. J. 1993. “A Once and Future Chair” Pages 124-142 in For the Good of the Order, D. L. Dustin, ed. San Diego, CA: San Diego State University.
Smith, S.L.J. 1990. A Dictionary of Concepts in Recreation and Leisure Studies. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Smith, S.L.J. 1986 and 1987. Directory of Canadian University Scholars Specializing in Tourism. Waterloo, Ontario: Institute for Tourism Research.
Smith, S.L.J. and Ng, D. 1982. “A Philosophy for Leisure Research.” Pages 1-24 in Perspectives on the Nature of Leisure Research , D. Ng and S. Smith (eds.), Waterloo, Ontario: University of Waterloo Press.
Smith, S.L.J. and Ng, D. 1982. “Conclusions and Recommendations.” Pages 226-253 in Perspectives on the Nature of Leisure Research , D. Ng and S. Smith (eds.), Waterloo, Ontario: University of Waterloo Press.
Smith, S.L.J. 1980. “On the Biological Basis of Pleasure: Some Implications for Leisure Policy.” Pages 50-61 in Recreation and Leisure: Issues in an Era of Change , T. Goodale and P. Witt (eds.), State College, Pennsylvania: Venture Publishing. (Reprinted in 2nd edition, 1985 and 3rd edition, 1990)
Smith, S.L.J. 1979. “Typical towns: Types of Ontario municipalities.” In Recreation Research Review, 7(2):15-20.
Ng, D.; Smith, S.; and Stewart, T. 1978. 1976-77 Canadian Catalogue of Leisure Research , 178 pp.
Smith, S.L.J. 1977. “Shakespeare, Play and Meta-play: 'A Midsummer Night's Dream.'” In Centennial Review , 21(2):194-209.
Smith, S.L.J. 1975. “Similarities among Urban Recreation Systems.” In Journal of Leisure Research , 7(4):270-281.
Smith, S.L.J. 1975. “Leisure Philosophy and the Quality of Life”, In Wayne State University Conference on Leisure and the Quality of Life: The Urban Perspective, Detroit, Michigan.

Video Production

I have produced only one video to date - with Dr. Laurel Reid. However, we hope to take on a future video project - thus adding at least one more production to this list.

Reid, L.J.; Smith, S.L.J.; and Murphy, B. 1997. In Keys to Successful Tourism Development: Lessons from Niagara. St. Catharines, ON: Brock University.

Stephen L.J. Smith

Tourism Research

Contact

Selected Publications